Daun Hempedu Bumi (Andrographis paniculata)

 

1. Botanical Information

• Scientific Name: Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees

• Family: Acanthaceae

• Common Names: Hempedu Bumi (Malay), Kalmegh (Hindi), King of Bitters (English), Chuan Xin Lian (TCM)

• Plant Type: Annual herb

• Height: 30–110 cm

• Leaves: Opposite, lanceolate, 2–8 cm long, green, bitter taste

• Flowers: Small, white with pink or purple veins

• Distribution: Native to South and Southeast Asia (India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia)

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2. PTMM (Traditional Malay Medicine) Properties

• Temperament: Pahit (Bitter), sejuk (cooling)

• Organ Effects: Hati (liver), usus (intestines), darah (blood)

• Traditional Uses:

  • Menyokong fungsi hati dan mengurangkan toksin

  • Merawat demam, selsema, dan batuk

  • Mengurangkan keradangan dan sakit perut

  • Digunakan sebagai tonik untuk meningkatkan sistem imun

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3. TCM Properties

• Nature: Bitter, cold

• Channels/Organs Affected: Heart, Lung, Stomach

• Functions in TCM:

  • Clears heat and toxins

  • Reduces inflammation and swelling

  • Treats upper respiratory infections

  • Promotes detoxification

• Common Indications: Sore throat, fever, diarrhea, infections, jaundice

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4. Phytochemical Constituents

• Major Bioactive Compounds:

  • Andrographolide (diterpene lactone) – main active compound

  • Neoandrographolide

  • 14-deoxyandrographolide

  • Flavonoids (e.g., andrographin, apigenin derivatives)

  • Polyphenols

  • Glycosides

• Properties of Compounds: Anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory

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5. Nutrients

• Trace amounts of:

  • Vitamins: Vitamin C, carotenoids

  • Minerals: Calcium, iron, magnesium

• Nutritional value is minor compared to medicinal effects

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6. Clinical Uses / Evidence-Based Applications

• Immune Support: Enhances immunity, used for colds and upper respiratory tract infections

• Hepatoprotective: Protects liver cells, supports detoxification, used in jaundice and liver inflammation

• Anti-inflammatory: Reduces inflammation in conditions like arthritis or sore throat

• Antimicrobial & Antiviral: Shown activity against bacteria and viruses (e.g., influenza)

• Antipyretic: Reduces fever

• Digestive Aid: Improves appetite, supports digestion, may reduce diarrhea

• Adjunct Therapy: Some studies explored use in chronic diseases, diabetes, and certain cancers, but mainly as complementary therapy

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⚠ Precautions:

• Very bitter; can cause nausea or digestive discomfort in high doses

• Not recommended during pregnancy

• May interact with certain drugs (e.g., anticoagulants, antidiabetic drugs)

References data compiled Chat GPt

Akbar, S. (2011). Andrographis paniculata: A review of pharmacological activities and clinical effects. Alternative Medicine Review.

Chao, W.-W., & Lin, B.-F. (2010). Isolation and identification of bioactive compounds in Andrographis paniculata (Chuanxinlian). Chinese Medicine, 5, 17.

Hossain, M. A., & Urbi, Z. (2016). Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees: A review of ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and pharmacology. PubMed Central.

 

Daun Mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia Leaves)

Botanical Information

Morinda citrifolia, commonly known as noni in English, mengkudu in Malay, and ba ji tian (巴戟天, though usually referring to the root) in some Chinese contexts, is a tropical evergreen shrub native to Southeast Asia and Polynesia. The tree reaches up to 10 m in height, with large, glossy, dark green leaves (15–45 cm long) that are elliptic in shape. While the fruit has gained international attention for its juice, the leaves are traditionally used for both medicinal and dietary purposes.

Traditional Malay Medicine (TMM) Perspective

In Malay traditional practice, daun mengkudu is widely applied for:

• Fever reduction: fresh leaves are warmed and applied as a poultice on the body.

• Hypertension & blood circulation: decoction or infusion of leaves.

• Joint pain & swelling: leaf poultices for arthritis or sprains.

• Postpartum care: to restore strength and improve blood flow.

• General tonic: leaves eaten raw or steamed, sometimes with rice.

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Perspective

Although noni (Morinda citrifolia) is not a classical herb in the TCM pharmacopeia, parallels can be drawn:

• Nature & Flavor: Bitter, slightly pungent, neutral to cooling.

• Meridian Affiliation: Liver, Kidney, Spleen.

• Functions (interpreted in TCM terms):

• Clears heat and toxins (fever, skin infections).

• Invigorates blood and relieves pain (arthritis, joint swelling).

• Strengthens Kidney Qi and Yang (paralleling its tonic role in Malay medicine).

Phytochemistry

Daun mengkudu contains diverse phytochemicals contributing to its medicinal potential:

• Iridoids (e.g., asperulosidic acid, deacetylasperulosidic acid) – anti-inflammatory, analgesic.

• Flavonoids (e.g., quercetin, kaempferol, rutin) – antioxidant, anti-hypertensive.

• Scopoletin – vasodilatory, mood-regulating, antihypertensive.

• Polysaccharides – immune modulation.

• Anthraquinones – mild laxative, antimicrobial activity.

Nutritional Content

Noni leaves are edible and nutrient-rich, providing:

• Protein & dietary fiber (higher than many leafy vegetables).

• Vitamins: Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin E.

• Minerals: Calcium, potassium, magnesium, iron.

• Chlorophyll & carotenoids – antioxidant and detoxifying effects.

Clinical Potential

Modern studies suggest that noni leaves may offer the following therapeutic benefits:

1. Anti-inflammatory & Analgesic: Leaf extracts reduce inflammation in arthritis and soft tissue injuries (Deng et al., 2011).

2. Cardiovascular Support: Flavonoids and scopoletin help regulate blood pressure and improve circulation (Wang et al., 2012).

3. Antimicrobial & Antiviral: Extracts demonstrate inhibition of bacterial and viral growth (West et al., 2011).

4. Antidiabetic: Animal studies show improved glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity (Hirazumi & Furusawa, 1999).

5. Wound Healing: Leaf poultices aid recovery of skin lesions (McClatchey, 2002).

6. Immune Support: Polysaccharides enhance immune function (Palu et al., 2008).

Safety & Precautions

• Generally safe in dietary use.

• Excessive use may cause mild gastrointestinal upset due to anthraquinones.

• Should be used cautiously in patients with kidney or liver conditions due to reported hepatotoxicity from high-dose noni fruit juice (though rare).

• Pregnant women should seek professional advice before medicinal use.

Conclusion

Daun mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia) represents a bridge between Malay traditional medicine and modern phytotherapy, with applications ranging from fever and hypertension management to immune support and pain relief. Its bioactive compounds, particularly flavonoids and iridoids, validate many of its folk uses. With more research, daun mengkudu could gain greater recognition in integrative medicine systems.

References-Compile by Chat GPT 

• Deng, S., West, B. J., & Jensen, C. J. (2011). Noni leaves: A literature review and pharmacological evaluation. Phytotherapy Research, 25(9), 1231–1237. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.3418

• Hirazumi, A., & Furusawa, E. (1999). An immunomodulatory polysaccharide-rich substance from the fruit juice of Morinda citrifolia (noni) with antitumor activity. Phytotherapy Research, 13(5), 380–387.

• McClatchey, W. (2002). From Polynesian healers to health food stores: Changing perspectives of Morinda citrifolia (Rubiaceae). Integrative Cancer Therapies, 1(2), 110–120.

• Palu, A. K., West, B. J., Jensen, C. J., & Deng, S. (2008). Noni juice and its immunomodulatory properties. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 118(1), 1–5.

• Wang, M. Y., Su, C., & Peng, L. (2012). Noni juice (Morinda citrifolia L.): A literature review. Food Science and Nutrition, 52(12), 1191–1205.

• West, B. J., Jensen, C. J., Palu, A. K., & Deng, S. (2011). Morinda citrifolia (Noni): A literature review and recent advances in Noni research. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, 32(1), 7–13.

Daun Mangga (Mango Leaves, Mangifera indica)

 

Daun Mangga (Mangifera indica L.): A Traditional and Modern Therapeutic Leaf

Mango (Mangifera indica L.), belonging to the family Anacardiaceae, is one of the most widely cultivated fruit trees across tropical and subtropical regions. While the fruit is globally cherished, the leaves (daun mangga) hold a long history of medicinal use in both Traditional Malay Medicine (TMM) and other Asian medical systems. Scientific studies in recent decades have validated many of these traditional claims, highlighting the therapeutic potential of mango leaves.

Botanical Information

The mango tree is a large evergreen species, reaching up to 30–40 meters in height. The leaves are simple, lanceolate, and leathery, turning reddish-purple when young before maturing into deep green. Traditionally, mature and young leaves are both used in herbal medicine.

TCM Perspective

Although mango leaves are not a classical herb in the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) pharmacopeia, their properties can be interpreted in TCM theory:

• Nature: Cool

• Taste: Sweet, slightly bitter, astringent

• Meridian Tropism: Lung, Spleen, Stomach

Functions in TCM framework:

• Clears Heat and resolves Toxin (for inflammatory and infectious conditions)

• Regulates Qi and stops cough (respiratory conditions like asthma and chronic cough)

• Invigorates the Spleen and harmonizes digestion

• Promotes urination and clears Damp-Heat (useful for urinary tract complaints)

TMM Perspective

In Traditional Malay Medicine, daun mangga is used both preventively and curatively:

• Diabetes management – decoction of young leaves for lowering blood sugar

• Hypertension – leaf infusion taken to regulate blood pressure

• Respiratory health – used to relieve asthma, cough, and bronchitis

• Digestive health – aids in diarrhea and stomach upset

• Wound healing – applied topically for cuts and inflammation

Decoctions, infusions, and powdered leaf extracts are the most common forms of use.

Phytochemical Composition

Mango leaves are rich in polyphenols, flavonoids, and bioactive compounds, including:

• Mangiferin – a xanthone glycoside with strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity

• Quercetin and Kaempferol – flavonoids with cardioprotective and anticancer potential

• Gallic acid, Caffeic acid – phenolic acids with antimicrobial and antioxidant effects

• Tannins – contributing to astringent and anti-diarrheal activity

• Terpenoids and alkaloids – supporting antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory roles

Nutritional Value

Though primarily medicinal, mango leaves also contain nutritional compounds:

• Vitamins: Vitamin C, provitamin A (carotenoids)

• Minerals: Potassium, calcium, magnesium

• Dietary fiber

• Polyphenolic antioxidants

These compounds enhance the leaves’ therapeutic role in cardiovascular and metabolic health.

Clinical Potential

1. Anti-diabetic Activity

   • Mangiferin improves insulin sensitivity, lowers blood glucose, and protects pancreatic β-cells (Ojewole, 2005).

   • Clinical studies show significant hypoglycemic effects in pre-diabetic subjects.

2. Cardiovascular Protection

   • Mango leaf extracts reduce blood pressure and improve lipid metabolism (Akinmoladun et al., 2019).

   • Antioxidants prevent atherosclerotic plaque formation.

3. Respiratory Benefits

   • Traditionally used for asthma and bronchitis; mangiferin shows bronchodilatory effects.

4. Anti-inflammatory & Antioxidant Effects

   • High polyphenol content reduces oxidative stress and inflammation, beneficial in arthritis and chronic inflammatory diseases.

5. Antimicrobial Properties

   • Extracts show activity against Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, and Candida albicans (Shah et al., 2010).

6. Neuroprotective Potential

• Mangiferin exhibits protective effects against neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.

Safety Considerations

Mango leaves are generally safe when consumed in traditional doses. However:

• Excessive use may cause gastrointestinal discomfort due to tannins.

• Allergic reactions (rare) have been reported in sensitive individuals.

• Should be used with caution alongside anti-diabetic or anti-hypertensive drugs to avoid additive effects.

Conclusion

Daun Mangga (Mangifera indica) represents a remarkable example of how a common plant part can hold significant medicinal value. Rooted in Traditional Malay Medicine and increasingly validated by modern science, mango leaves demonstrate potential in managing diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, respiratory conditions, and inflammatory diseases. Their rich phytochemical profile, dominated by mangiferin and flavonoids, supports their role as a therapeutic food and herbal medicine, bridging tradition with modern integrative healthcare.

References - Data compile by Chat GPT 

• Akinmoladun, F. O., Komolafe, T. R., Farombi, E. O., & Oyedapo, O. O. (2019). Cardioprotective and antihypertensive effects of Mangifera indica leaf extracts. Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, 16(2), 1–9.

• Ojewole, J. A. O. (2005). Hypoglycemic and hypotensive effects of Mangifera indica Linn. (Anacardiaceae) stem-bark aqueous extract. Phytotherapy Research, 19(8), 706–709.

• Shah, K. A., Patel, M. B., Patel, R. J., & Parmar, P. K. (2010). Mangifera indica (mango). Pharmacognosy Reviews, 4(7), 42–48.

Kacip Fatimah (Labisia pumila)

 

Kacip Fatimah (Labisia pumila): The Traditional Women’s Herb

Kacip Fatimah (Labisia pumila) is a small, woody plant belonging to the family Primulaceae, widely used in Traditional Malay Medicine (TMM) as a tonic for women’s reproductive health. Often referred to as the "female ginseng of the Malay world," this herb has gained attention for its ethnomedicinal importance and emerging scientific validation.

Botanical Information

Kacip Fatimah is a slow-growing, perennial herb found in the shaded understories of Malaysian rainforests. Three main varieties are traditionally recognized:

• Labisia pumila var. alata

• Labisia pumila var. pumila

• Labisia pumila var. lanceolata

The whole plant is used medicinally, but roots and leaves are most commonly employed (Sunarno et al., 2016).

TCM Perspective

Although not a classical herb in the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) materia medica, Kacip Fatimah is now studied in integrative contexts. Based on its properties, it can be interpreted as:

• Nature: Warm

• Taste: Slightly bitter, astringent

• Meridians: Liver, Kidney, and Spleen

Functions aligned with TCM principles:

• Tonifies Kidney Yang and Yin for reproductive vitality

• Moves Liver Qi and regulates menstruation

• Strengthens the Spleen to support energy and postpartum recovery

Thus, it is comparable to herbs used for gynecological disorders, such as Dang Gui (Angelica sinensis) and Ba Ji Tian (Morinda officinalis).

TMM Perspective

In Traditional Malay Medicine, Kacip Fatimah is considered a women’s tonic. It is traditionally used for:

• Postpartum recovery – to restore uterine health, improve circulation, and balance hormones

• Menstrual disorders – relieving dysmenorrhea, regulating flow

• Reproductive health – believed to enhance fertility and vitality

• General well-being – increasing energy, reducing fatigue, and promoting youthfulness

It is often prepared as decoctions, herbal infusions, or incorporated into jamu formulations (Jamal et al., 2011).

Phytochemical Composition

Studies have revealed the presence of multiple bioactive compounds:

• Flavonoids (myricetin, kaempferol, rutin, quercetin)

• Phenolic acids (gallic acid, caffeic acid)

• Saponins

• Alkylresorcinols

• Phytoestrogens (plant-based estrogen-like compounds)

These phytochemicals are responsible for antioxidant, estrogenic, and anti-inflammatory properties (Karimi et al., 2016).

Nutritional Value

Though primarily valued medicinally, Kacip Fatimah also provides trace amounts of:

• Essential minerals (calcium, iron, potassium)

• Vitamins (notably vitamin C and small amounts of vitamin E)

• Dietary fiber and phenolic antioxidants

This contributes to its tonic role in women’s health.

Clinical Potential

Modern studies support several therapeutic potentials:

1. Phytoestrogenic Effects – Helps alleviate menopausal symptoms and support hormonal balance (Choi et al., 2016).

2. Uterotonic Activity – Promotes uterine contraction, supporting postpartum recovery (Zakaria et al., 2010).

3. Anti-inflammatory & Antioxidant – Reduces oxidative stress and inflammation, contributing to anti-aging effects.

4. Anti-obesity & Anti-diabetic – Improves glucose uptake and lipid metabolism in preclinical studies.

5. Bone Health – Prevents bone density loss in postmenopausal models, suggesting potential against osteoporosis.

Safety Considerations

Kacip Fatimah is generally considered safe in traditional doses. However:

• Excessive intake may cause uterine overstimulation.

• Contraindicated during pregnancy (due to uterotonic effects).

• Should be used cautiously with hormone-related conditions or when taking hormone therapy.

Standardization and clinical trials are still limited, and more research is required for long-term safety profiles.

Conclusion

Kacip Fatimah (Labisia pumila) stands as a cornerstone of Traditional Malay Medicine for women’s health, particularly in postpartum care and reproductive well-being. While not originally part of TCM, its properties can be interpreted within that framework, highlighting its potential as a bridge between traditional and modern medicine. Emerging scientific research validates its phytoestrogenic, antioxidant, and uterotonic activities, supporting its reputation as a powerful herbal remedy for women.

References -Dat Compile by Chat GPT 

• Choi, H., Kim, S., Kim, J., & Kim, S. (2016). Phytoestrogenic effects of Labisia pumila on menopausal symptoms: A review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 194, 646–659.

• Jamal, J. A., Houghton, P. J., & Milligan, S. R. (2011). Traditional preparation of Labisia pumila and its use in modern health products. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2011, 1–9.

• Karimi, E., Jaafar, H. Z., & Ahmad, S. (2016). Phytochemical constituents, antioxidant activity, and medicinal uses of Labisia pumila. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 10(19), 1–9.

• Sunarno, B., Latiff, A., & Sofian-Azirun, M. (2016). Taxonomy and distribution of Labisia pumila (Primulaceae) in Malaysia. Blumea, 61(1), 41–49.

• Zakaria, M., Abdul Ghani, M., & Hassan, H. (2010). Uterotonic effects of Labisia pumila in postpartum women. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 4(8), 684–689.

Paku Pakis (Fiddlehead Ferns / Fern shoots-(Diplazium esculentum))

 

Paku Pakis (Diplazium esculentum): A Nutrient-Rich Medicinal Fern

Paku Pakis, also known as fiddlehead fern, is a traditional vegetable widely consumed in Southeast Asia. In Malaysia, it is known by various names such as paku rawan, paku midin, or simply paku pakis. The most commonly consumed species is Diplazium esculentum, which thrives in moist tropical soils, riverbanks, and forest edges. Young curled fronds, also called fiddleheads, are harvested and cooked as a delicacy. Beyond its culinary role, Paku Pakis is also valued in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and Traditional Malay Medicine (TMM) for its therapeutic properties.

Botanical Information

Diplazium esculentum is a perennial fern belonging to the family Athyriaceae. It grows abundantly in tropical Asia and is a common wild edible plant. The young fronds are the primary part used, while mature leaves become too fibrous for consumption (Kumari et al., 2019).

TCM Perspective

In Traditional Chinese Medicine, Paku Pakis is described as sweet, slightly bitter, and cooling (Han) in nature. It is believed to enter the Liver, Stomach, and Large Intestine meridians, where it functions to:

• Clear heat and dampness

• Promote urination

• Detoxify the body

• Relieve swelling and inflammation

Traditionally, fern fronds have been prescribed for conditions such as intestinal heat, dysentery, and skin inflammation (Chen & Chen, 2004).

TMM Perspective

In Traditional Malay Medicine, Paku Pakis is classified as sejuk (cooling). It is commonly consumed to reduce "panas badan" (excess body heat) and to cool the blood. Folk practices include using decoctions or poultices for skin rashes, boils, and insect bites. Additionally, it is considered beneficial for digestion and is sometimes recommended for postnatal recovery, though moderation is emphasized (Rahmatullah et al., 2012).

Phytochemical Composition

Phytochemical studies of Diplazium esculentum have identified the presence of:

• Phenolic compounds (quercetin, rutin, kaempferol)

• Flavonoids (luteolin, apigenin)

• Saponins

• Tannins

• Sterols and terpenoids

These compounds contribute to the plant’s strong antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities (Kumari et al., 2019).

Nutritional Value

Fresh fronds of D. esculentum are nutrient-dense, providing:

• Calories: ~35 kcal/100 g

• Protein: 4–5 g

• Fiber: ~2 g

• Vitamins: High in Vitamin A (beta-carotene), Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and folate

• Minerals: Rich in iron, calcium, potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus

Its high polyphenol and carotenoid content gives it strong antioxidant potential, making it a functional food as well as a vegetable (Nirmala et al., 2018).

Clinical Potential

Modern pharmacological studies suggest several potential benefits of Diplazium esculentum:

• Antioxidant – Protects against oxidative stress-related diseases

• Antimicrobial – Inhibits bacterial and fungal growth

• Anti-inflammatory – May reduce tissue swelling and pain

• Antidiabetic – Exhibits glucose-lowering effects in preliminary studies

• Hepatoprotective – Protects liver from oxidative damage

• Anticancer – Shows cytotoxic effects on certain cancer cell lines

These findings support its role as a nutraceutical and functional vegetable, though further clinical research is necessary (Chowdhury et al., 2020).

Safety Considerations

While Diplazium esculentum is generally safe for consumption, it should always be cooked before eating, as raw ferns may contain mild toxins. Some related fern species, such as Pteridium aquilinum (bracken fern), contain carcinogenic compounds, but this has not been reported in D. esculentum. Pregnant women and individuals with sensitive digestion are advised to consume it in moderation.

Conclusion

Paku Pakis (Diplazium esculentum) is more than a traditional vegetable—it bridges the gap between nutrition and medicine. Both TCM and TMM emphasize its cooling and detoxifying properties, while modern science highlights its antioxidant and antimicrobial potential. As research progresses, this humble fern may find a place in functional food development and integrative medicine.

References -Data Compile By Chat GPT 

• Chen, J. K., & Chen, T. T. (2004). Chinese Medical Herbology and Pharmacology. Art of Medicine Press.

• Chowdhury, M. A., Uddin, M. J., & Rahman, M. S. (2020). Nutritional and pharmacological importance of wild edible fern Diplazium esculentum: A review. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies, 8(1), 45–50.

• Kumari, P., Jha, S., & Singh, P. (2019). Nutraceutical properties of Diplazium esculentum: A review. International Journal of Botany Studies, 4(6), 23–27.

• Nirmala, C., Bisht, M. S., & Bajwa, H. K. (2018). Nutritional composition of edible ferns in India. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 17(1), 174–180.

• Rahmatullah, M., Ferdausi, D., & Mollik, M. A. H. (2012). A survey of medicinal plants used by folk medicinal practitioners in three villages of Natore district, Bangladesh. American-Eurasian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 6(3), 150–157.

Clinacanthus nutans (Daun Belalai Gajah)

 

Daun Belalai Gajah: Nature’s Healing Herb with Ancient & Modern Wisdom

🌿 Introduction

Daun Belalai Gajah, scientifically known as Clinacanthus nutans Lindau, is a tropical medicinal plant native to Southeast Asia. In Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia, it is widely known for its healing reputation — particularly for immune support and inflammation relief. Its nickname, "Snake Grass," reflects traditional use in treating snake bites and venomous insect stings.

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🌱 Herb Information

• Scientific Name: Clinacanthus nutans Lindau

• Family: Acanthaceae

• Common Names: Snake Grass, Sabah Snake Grass, Belalai Gajah (Malay), Phaya Yo (Thai)

• Plant Type: Perennial shrub

• Parts Used: Leaves and stems (fresh or dried)

• Taste & Energetics (General): Mild, cooling, slightly sweet

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🏮 TCM (Traditional Chinese Medicine) Properties

In TCM theory:

• Nature: Cool

• Taste: Sweet, slightly bitter

• Meridians Entered: Liver, Lung

• Functions:

  • Clears heat and toxins

  • Cools the blood

  • Reduces swelling and inflammation

  • Soothes skin eruptions and sores

• Typical Applications:

  • Skin lesions from herpes zoster

  • Swelling from insect or snake bites

  • Supporting detoxification in fever or infection

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🕌 TMM (Traditional Malay Medicine) Properties

In Malay ethnomedicine:

• Used as a herbal drink for detox and fever reduction.

• Often boiled and consumed for diabetes, hypertension, and cancer support.

• Applied as a fresh leaf poultice for bites, boils, and rashes.

• Believed to strengthen internal organs and “cool the body” after illness.

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🕉 Ayurvedic Perspective

While Clinacanthus nutans is not a classical Ayurvedic herb, it is classified under "Pitta-pacifying" plants due to its cooling and anti-inflammatory properties. In Ayurvedic-style application:

• Dosha Affinity: Reduces Pitta, balances Kapha, may aggravate Vata in excess

• Potential Uses: Skin disorders, inflammatory conditions, detoxifying teas

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🍃 Nutrient Profile

Leaves are rich in:

• Vitamins: Vitamin C, β-carotene, vitamin E

• Minerals: Calcium, potassium, magnesium

• Bioactive Compounds: Chlorophyll, flavonoids, polysaccharides

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🧪 Phytochemical Constituents

Key phytochemicals identified include:

• Flavonoids (vitexin, isovitexin, orientin)

• Glycosides

• Triterpenoids

• β-sitosterol

• Phenolic acids (ferulic acid, caffeic acid)

• Chlorophyll derivatives

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🩺 Clinical & Pharmacological Uses

Modern studies show that Clinacanthus nutans:

• Exhibits anti-inflammatory and antiviral activity, especially against herpes simplex virus (HSV) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV)

• Shows anti-cancer potential in vitro (e.g., cervical, breast, and colorectal cancer cell lines)

• Possesses antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties

• Supports wound healing and reduces oxidative stress

• Has antidiabetic and antihypertensive activity in animal models

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☕ Common Preparations

• Fresh Leaf Juice: Blended with water, taken once or twice daily

• Herbal Infusion: Dried leaves steeped in hot water

• Poultice: Crushed fresh leaves applied to skin lesions

• Capsules/Powder: Commercial supplement form for daily intake

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⚠️ Safety & Precautions

• Generally considered safe in traditional doses

• Pregnant or breastfeeding women should consult a healthcare provider

• May interact with certain medications (antihypertensives, anticoagulants)

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📚 References -Data compile with chat GPT

1. Alam, A., Ferdosh, S., Ghafoor, K., Hakim, M. A., Juraimi, A. S., Khatib, A., & Sarker, Z. I. (2016). Clinacanthus nutans: A review of the medicinal uses, pharmacology, and phytochemistry. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 9(4), 402–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtm.2016.03.011

2. Choochote, W., Chaiyasit, D., & Chio-Srichan, S. (2014). Antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of Clinacanthus nutans Lindau. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 8(8), 387–393. https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR2013.5271

3. Pannangpetch, P., Komoltri, P., Prawat, H., Chivapat, S., & Suksamrarn, A. (2007). Anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities of Clinacanthus nutans Lindau. Phytotherapy Research, 21(12), 1105–1109. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2220

4. Siew, Y. Y., Tan, W. S., Tee, T. T., Cheah, Y. H., & Lai, N. S. (2019). Phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of Clinacanthus nutans. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2019, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4647586

Christia vespertilionis -Red Butterfly Wing, or Daun Rerama

 

Herb Overview: Christia vespertilionis (Mariposa Christia)

Botanical & Ethnobotanical Profile

• Belonging to the Fabaceae family, Christia vespertilionis is a perennial herb with compound leaves—its terminal leaflet shaped like a boomerang and leaves flutter in the breeze, resembling butterflies DefaultTropical Plants.

• Native to Southeast Asia (Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Indonesia, China, possibly Myanmar) and naturalized elsewhere DefaultTropical Plants.

Traditional Uses (Folkloric Medicine)

• The whole plant has traditionally been used to treat tuberculosis and snakebites Tropical PlantsDefault.

• Crushed leaves are applied topically to heal bone fractures, relieve skin conditions, as well as aid in tonsillitis, colds, muscle weakness, bronchitis, and improving blood circulation StuartXchangePMC.

• Decoctions or teas of the plant are consumed for ailments like gastrointestinal disorders, diabetes, and even purported anti-cancer benefits in Malaysia StuartXchangePMCRJPTResearchGate.

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Phytochemistry & Nutrients

• The plant is rich in flavonoids, phenols, sterols, fatty acids, and sesquiterpenoids ResearchGate.

• Advanced metabolomic work has identified a diverse array of compounds such as phenolic acids, flavonoids (including unique apigenin derivatives), alkaloids, carotenoids, fatty acid amides, and more—the flavonoids being especially prominent ResearchGate.

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Pharmacological Properties & Preclinical Evidence

Antioxidant & Antidiabetic

• Methanolic and hexane:ethyl acetate extracts showed strong antioxidant activity and promising α-glucosidase inhibitory (antidiabetic) potential in vitro StuartXchange.

• Although antidiabetic effects are suggested, clinical support is still limited ResearchGate.

Anticancer / Antiproliferative

• Extracts demonstrated antiproliferative effects against neuroendocrine tumor cells, inducing apoptosis selectively in tumor lines, with minimal impact on normal fibroblasts PubMed.

• Both leaf and root extracts showed cytotoxic activity against breast cancer cell lines (e.g., MDA-MB-231), with IC₅₀ values as low as ~11 µg/mL for certain extracts PMC.

Anti-malarial, Anti-inflammatory, Others

• Reported to have antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, anti-plasmodial, apoptotic, xanthine oxidase inhibitory, antihyperuricemic, and anticancer properties StuartXchangeResearchGate.

Toxicity

• Early toxicity studies in rats indicated mild to moderate liver changes at certain doses and durations—suggesting a need for caution and further safety investigation StuartXchange.

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Traditional Systems (TCM, TMM, Ayurveda)

• Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM): No widely documented use—its applications are rooted in Southeast Asian folk medicine rather than classical TCM.

• Traditional Malay Medicine (TMM): Used locally (e.g. Malaysia) in herbal teas or crackers for its reputed anticancer and medicinal properties PMCRJPT.

• Ayurveda: There’s little to no formal record of Christia vespertilionis in Ayurvedic literature, likely due to its botanical origin outside the Indian subcontinent.

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Summary Table

Category	Highlights
Botanical Traits	Fabaceae family; ornamental herb with tri-leaf structure and butterfly-like foliage
Traditional Uses	Treats tuberculosis, snakebites, respiratory ailments; topical for fractures, consumed as tea
Phytochemicals	Flavonoids, phenols, sterols, alkaloids, unique apigenin derivatives
Pharmacological	Antioxidant, anticancer, antiproliferative, antimalarial, antidiabetic (preclinical)
Safety Profile	Some hepatic changes noted at higher doses—further safety research needed
Role in TCM/Ayurveda/TMM	No classical TCM or Ayurvedic record; known in Malaysian/traditional Southeast Asian systems

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Data compile by Chat GPT 

Reference

1. Cheah, Y. H., Nordin, F. J., Tee, T. T., Azimahtol Hawariah, L. P., & Abdullah, N. R. (2013). Anti-proliferative activity of leaf extract of Christia vespertilionis on neuroendocrine tumour cells. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 13, 213. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-13-213

2. Christia vespertilionis. (n.d.). Tropical Plants Database. Retrieved August 10, 2025, from https://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Christia+vespertilionis

3. Christia vespertilionis. (n.d.). National Parks Board, Singapore – Flora & Fauna Web. Retrieved August 10, 2025, from https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/1/8/1811

4. Paroparong pula – Christia vespertilionis. (n.d.). StuartXchange. Retrieved August 10, 2025, from https://www.stuartxchange.org/ParoparongPula

5. Rani, S., & Nandini, D. (2021). A review on Christia vespertilionis: A new emerging medicinal plant. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 14(10), 5415-5419. https://doi.org/10.52711/0974-360X.2021.00942

6. Saleh, M. S., Abu Bakar, M. F., & Ahmad, A. (2020). An appraisal of Christia vespertilionis (L.f.) Bakh.f.: A promising medicinal plant. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 257, 112903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.112903