Daun Hempedu Bumi (Andrographis paniculata)

 

1. Botanical Information

• Scientific Name: Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees

• Family: Acanthaceae

• Common Names: Hempedu Bumi (Malay), Kalmegh (Hindi), King of Bitters (English), Chuan Xin Lian (TCM)

• Plant Type: Annual herb

• Height: 30–110 cm

• Leaves: Opposite, lanceolate, 2–8 cm long, green, bitter taste

• Flowers: Small, white with pink or purple veins

• Distribution: Native to South and Southeast Asia (India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia)

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2. PTMM (Traditional Malay Medicine) Properties

• Temperament: Pahit (Bitter), sejuk (cooling)

• Organ Effects: Hati (liver), usus (intestines), darah (blood)

• Traditional Uses:

  • Menyokong fungsi hati dan mengurangkan toksin

  • Merawat demam, selsema, dan batuk

  • Mengurangkan keradangan dan sakit perut

  • Digunakan sebagai tonik untuk meningkatkan sistem imun

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3. TCM Properties

• Nature: Bitter, cold

• Channels/Organs Affected: Heart, Lung, Stomach

• Functions in TCM:

  • Clears heat and toxins

  • Reduces inflammation and swelling

  • Treats upper respiratory infections

  • Promotes detoxification

• Common Indications: Sore throat, fever, diarrhea, infections, jaundice

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4. Phytochemical Constituents

• Major Bioactive Compounds:

  • Andrographolide (diterpene lactone) – main active compound

  • Neoandrographolide

  • 14-deoxyandrographolide

  • Flavonoids (e.g., andrographin, apigenin derivatives)

  • Polyphenols

  • Glycosides

• Properties of Compounds: Anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory

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5. Nutrients

• Trace amounts of:

  • Vitamins: Vitamin C, carotenoids

  • Minerals: Calcium, iron, magnesium

• Nutritional value is minor compared to medicinal effects

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6. Clinical Uses / Evidence-Based Applications

• Immune Support: Enhances immunity, used for colds and upper respiratory tract infections

• Hepatoprotective: Protects liver cells, supports detoxification, used in jaundice and liver inflammation

• Anti-inflammatory: Reduces inflammation in conditions like arthritis or sore throat

• Antimicrobial & Antiviral: Shown activity against bacteria and viruses (e.g., influenza)

• Antipyretic: Reduces fever

• Digestive Aid: Improves appetite, supports digestion, may reduce diarrhea

• Adjunct Therapy: Some studies explored use in chronic diseases, diabetes, and certain cancers, but mainly as complementary therapy

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⚠ Precautions:

• Very bitter; can cause nausea or digestive discomfort in high doses

• Not recommended during pregnancy

• May interact with certain drugs (e.g., anticoagulants, antidiabetic drugs)

References data compiled Chat GPt

Akbar, S. (2011). Andrographis paniculata: A review of pharmacological activities and clinical effects. Alternative Medicine Review.

Chao, W.-W., & Lin, B.-F. (2010). Isolation and identification of bioactive compounds in Andrographis paniculata (Chuanxinlian). Chinese Medicine, 5, 17.

Hossain, M. A., & Urbi, Z. (2016). Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees: A review of ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and pharmacology. PubMed Central.